{"id":108473,"date":"2025-06-06T08:00:44","date_gmt":"2025-06-06T08:00:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/express24.ir\/d\/product\/%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%84%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%87-%d8%a2%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%b4-sql-%d9%88-postgresql-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%aa%d8%af%db%8c%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a8%d9%87\/"},"modified":"2025-06-06T08:00:47","modified_gmt":"2025-06-06T08:00:47","slug":"%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%84%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%87-%d8%a2%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%b4-sql-%d9%88-postgresql-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%aa%d8%af%db%8c%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a8%d9%87","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/express24.ir\/d\/product\/%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%84%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%87-%d8%a2%d9%85%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%b4-sql-%d9%88-postgresql-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%aa%d8%af%db%8c%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a8%d9%87\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 SQL \u0648 PostgreSQL \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0646: \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 SQL \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc<\/th>\n\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f SQL and PostgreSQL for Beginners: Become an SQL Expert<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/th>\n\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 SQL \u0648 PostgreSQL \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0646: \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 SQL \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/th>\n\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/th>\n\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0648\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u06cc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u06cc\u0644<\/th>\n\u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f\u06cc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n
\r\n \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645:<\/strong>\r\n

\r\n \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f\u06cc<\/span> \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc<\/span> \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f.\r\n <\/p>\r\n

\r\n \u062d\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0627 \u06f2\u06f4 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634<\/strong>\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06a9 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u062c\u0647\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f.\r\n <\/p>\r\n

\r\n \u062c\u0647\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u200c\u0627\u067e \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 09395106248<\/strong> \u06cc\u0627 \u0622\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0644\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc @ma_limbs<\/strong> \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f.\r\n <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\n

\n

\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 SQL \u0648 PostgreSQL \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0646: \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 SQL \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/h1>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u062f\u0634\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 SQL \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06a9\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 “SQL \u0648 PostgreSQL \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0646”<\/span> \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 SQL \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc PostgreSQL\u060c \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0626\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0622\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0645\u0648\u062e\u062a<\/h2>\n
\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 SQL \u0648 PostgreSQL \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc<\/span> \u0648 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a SQL \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n
  • \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 SQL \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc (SELECT)\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c (INSERT)\u060c \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc (UPDATE) \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 (DELETE) \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
  • \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 (JOINS)<\/span> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f.<\/li>\n
  • \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc (Aggregate Functions) \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 GROUP BY<\/span> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
  • \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Subqueries)<\/span> \u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 (CTEs) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0631.<\/li>\n
  • \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647<\/span>\u060c \u0646\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc (Normalization) \u0648 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n
  • \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Data Types) \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc SQL \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
  • \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0646\u0632\u06a9\u0634\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Transactions)<\/span>\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc ACID \u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u06cc\u06a9\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
  • \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627 PostgreSQL<\/span>\u060c \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u200c\u0628\u0627\u0632.<\/li>\n
  • \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0648 \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u0633\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
  • \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

    \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647<\/h2>\n
    \n

    \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u063a\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u063a\u0644\u06cc \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647<\/span>: \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u0631 SQL \u0648 PostgreSQL\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u06a9\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06af\u0634\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f.<\/li>\n
    • \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/span>: \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0634\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0645\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n
    • \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u06cc<\/span>: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u06af \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0648\u0634 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n
    • \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc<\/span>: \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n
    • \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f<\/span>: PostgreSQL \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u060c \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0622\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n
    • \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0647<\/span>: \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc \u0648 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

      \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647<\/h2>\n
      \n

      \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u06cc\u0686\u200c\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 SQL \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc SQL<\/span>: \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n
      • \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 (\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0645\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633).<\/li>\n
      • \u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
      • \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0635\u0628 PostgreSQL \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

        \u0633\u0631\u0641\u0635\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647<\/h2>\n

        \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 SQL \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 PostgreSQL \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n

        \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0627\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 SQL<\/h3>\n
        \n

        \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u060c \u0633\u0641\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647. \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc (RDBMS)\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0633\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc\/\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u06cc \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a SQL \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f. \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc PostgreSQL \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f PGAdmin \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u06af\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 RDBMS<\/span>\u060c \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0628.<\/li>\n
        • \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f SQL \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641.<\/li>\n
        • \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc PostgreSQL \u0648 PGAdmin\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647.<\/li>\n
        • \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 (CREATE DATABASE, CREATE TABLE).<\/li>\n
        • \u062f\u0631\u062c \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 (INSERT INTO) \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n
        • \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc: \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 (SELECT * FROM<\/span>) \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc:<\/em> CREATE TABLE Students (StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(100), Age INT); INSERT INTO Students (StudentID, Name, Age) VALUES (1, '\u0639\u0644\u06cc', 20); SELECT * FROM Students;<\/code><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

          \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u062f\u0648\u0645: \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 SELECT<\/h3>\n
          \n

          \u0642\u0644\u0628 SQL\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 SELECT \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u062f. \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627 (WHERE)\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc (ORDER BY)\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c (LIMIT\/OFFSET) \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 (DISTINCT) \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06af\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc (AND, OR, NOT) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0648 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0645\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0622\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 WHERE Clause<\/span> \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06af\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646.<\/li>\n
          • \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06af\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u06cc (>, <, =, AND, OR, NOT) \u0648 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
          • \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0628\u0627 ORDER BY (ASC\/DESC)<\/span> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u062f\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647.<\/li>\n
          • \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0628\u0627 LIMIT \u0648 OFFSET \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
          • \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0641\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0627 DISTINCT<\/span> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0641\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n
          • \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 LIKE \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0648 IN \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc:<\/em> SELECT Name, Age FROM Students WHERE Age > 18 ORDER BY Name ASC;<\/code><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

            \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0633\u0648\u0645: \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 DML (Data Manipulation Language)<\/h3>\n
            \n

            \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f. \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a INSERT \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u060c UPDATE \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648 DELETE \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0646\u0632\u06a9\u0634\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Transactions)<\/span> \u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0635\u062d\u062a \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 INSERT INTO<\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u06a9\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647.<\/li>\n
            • \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627 UPDATE SET WHERE<\/span>\u060c \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0645\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n
            • \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 DELETE FROM WHERE<\/span>\u060c \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
            • \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0646\u0632\u06a9\u0634\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627: COMMIT \u0648 ROLLBACK<\/span> \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
            • \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 ACID \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06af\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc:<\/em> UPDATE Students SET Age = 21 WHERE StudentID = 1; DELETE FROM Students WHERE Age > 25;<\/code><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

              \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0645: \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 JOIN \u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n
              \n

              \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc SQL\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 JOIN<\/span> \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u062f: INNER JOIN \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c LEFT JOIN \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0686\u067e\u060c RIGHT JOIN \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0648 FULL OUTER JOIN \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f SELF-JOIN \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc JOIN \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc.<\/li>\n
              • INNER JOIN<\/span>: \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/li>\n
              • LEFT JOIN \/ LEFT OUTER JOIN<\/span>: \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0686\u067e \u0648 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n
              • RIGHT JOIN \/ RIGHT OUTER JOIN<\/span>: \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u0686\u067e.<\/li>\n
              • FULL OUTER JOIN<\/span>: \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644.<\/li>\n
              • SELF-JOIN: \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc:<\/em> \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 Orders<\/span> \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 CustomerID<\/span> \u0627\u0633\u062a. SELECT S.Name, O.OrderID FROM Students S INNER JOIN Orders O ON S.StudentID = O.CustomerID;<\/code><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0645: \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n
                \n

                \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc (Aggregate Functions) \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0641\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f COUNT (\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634)\u060c SUM (\u062c\u0645\u0639)\u060c AVG (\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0646)\u060c MIN (\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644) \u0648 MAX (\u062d\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631). \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 GROUP BY<\/span> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0641\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a HAVING<\/span> \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 (\u0628\u0631\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 WHERE \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0641\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f) \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc: COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX()<\/span> \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
                • \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 GROUP BY<\/span> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc.<\/li>\n
                • \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 HAVING Clause<\/span> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0628\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647.<\/li>\n
                • \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0627 WHERE\/ORDER BY \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc:<\/em> SELECT Age, COUNT(*) AS TotalStudents FROM Students GROUP BY Age HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;<\/code><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                  \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0634\u0634\u0645: \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 CTE \u0647\u0627 (Common Table Expressions)<\/h3>\n
                  \n

                  \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Subqueries)<\/span> \u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06a9 (CTEs<\/span>) \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. CTE \u0647\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u062e\u0634\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631 Subqueries<\/span> (\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u200c\u0633\u0637\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0637\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647) \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
                  • \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06af\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc IN, EXISTS, ANY, ALL<\/span> \u0628\u0627 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
                  • \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc Common Table Expressions (CTEs)<\/span> \u0628\u0627 WITH Clause \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0698\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631.<\/li>\n
                  • \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 CTE \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc CTE:<\/em> WITH YoungStudents AS (SELECT StudentID, Name FROM Students WHERE Age < 20) SELECT * FROM YoungStudents;<\/code><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

                    \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0647\u0641\u062a\u0645: \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0646\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc<\/h3>\n
                    \n

                    \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a. \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc (Normalization)<\/span> (\u0627\u0632 1NF \u062a\u0627 3NF) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06cc\u06a9\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u06cc (Referential Integrity) \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f. \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc ER (Entity-Relationship) \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u200c\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/li>\n
                    • \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc Primary Key \u0648 Foreign Key<\/span> \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637.<\/li>\n
                    • \u06cc\u06a9\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u06cc (Referential Integrity) \u0648 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0622\u0646.<\/li>\n
                    • \u0646\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc (Normalization)<\/span>: \u062f\u0631\u06a9 1NF, 2NF, 3NF \u0648 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
                    • \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc ER (Entity-Relationship Diagrams) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0628\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

                      \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0647\u0634\u062a\u0645: \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/h3>\n
                      \n

                      \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0631 PostgreSQL \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc SQL \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc (INTEGER, DECIMAL)\u060c \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc (VARCHAR, TEXT)\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 (DATE, TIMESTAMP) \u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 (BOOLEAN) \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f. \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\/\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u067e\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0647 (Window Functions) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0641\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 (Numeric, String, Date\/Time, Boolean) \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/li>\n
                      • \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc (LENGTH(), SUBSTRING(), CONCAT()<\/span>) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u062a\u0646.<\/li>\n
                      • \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc (ROUND(), CEIL(), FLOOR()<\/span>) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0636\u06cc.<\/li>\n
                      • \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0648 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 (NOW(), EXTRACT(), DATE_PART()<\/span>) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc.<\/li>\n
                      • \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631 Window Functions<\/span> \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

                        \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0646\u0647\u0645: \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/h3>\n
                        \n

                        \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627 (Views)<\/span> \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06a9\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627 (Indexes)<\/span> \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u067e\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc (Execution Plan) \u062f\u0631 PostgreSQL \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a Views<\/span> \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc.<\/li>\n
                        • \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 Indexes<\/span> \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
                        • \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f Index<\/span> (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f B-tree, Hash, GIN, GiST) \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/li>\n
                        • \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc Execution Plan<\/span> \u0628\u0627 EXPLAIN \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc.<\/li>\n
                        • \u0646\u06a9\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/span> \u0648 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

                          \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u0645: \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc<\/h3>\n
                          \n

                          \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc<\/span> \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0633\u0628\u200c\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u062a\u0631. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0646\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc (\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647).<\/li>\n
                          • \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc.<\/li>\n
                          • \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 SQL \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
                          • \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627.<\/li>\n
                          • \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06cc: \u062d\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0686\u0627\u0644\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0627 \u0635\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

                            \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633 SQL \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 PostgreSQL \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639<\/span> \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u063a\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0686\u0634\u0645\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0647\u0645\u200c\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u062a\u200c\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u0646 SQL \u0628\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u062f!<\/p>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                            \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f SQL and PostgreSQL for Beginners: Become an SQL Expert \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":67493,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pmpro_default_level":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}}},"product_cat":[1226],"product_tag":[237,25860,27504,59138,2103,3714,1614,32311,27506,3706,3713,1927,3708,2095,13279,924,59137,27501,2096,59136,13277,3709],"class_list":{"0":"post-108473","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-1226","7":"product_tag-data-analysis","8":"product_tag-data-querying","9":"product_tag-database-development","10":"product_tag-database-expert","11":"product_tag-database-management","12":"product_tag-learn-sql","13":"product_tag-postgresql","14":"product_tag-postgresql-course","15":"product_tag-relational-database","16":"product_tag-sql","17":"product_tag-sql-for-beginners","18":"product_tag-sql-tutorial","19":"product_tag-sql--","20":"product_tag--sql","21":"product_tag-13279","22":"product_tag-924","23":"product_tag-59137","24":"product_tag--postgresql","25":"product_tag-2096","27":"product_tag-13277","29":"pmpro-has-access","30":"desktop-align-left","31":"tablet-align-left","32":"mobile-align-left","34":"first","35":"instock","36":"shipping-taxable","37":"purchasable","38":"product-type-variable"},"yoast_head":"\n\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 SQL \u0648 PostgreSQL \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0646: \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 SQL \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f - 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